Metabolic Regulations and Applications of Cofactors in Microbial Cell Factories

Most of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in organisms require the participation of cofactors. The balance of cofactors is essential to maintain normal cellular metabolism, and the imbalance of cofactors can lead to the inhibition of cell growth and production. In the construction of microbial cell factories, it has been considered to be an important strategy to regulate the balance of cofactor metabolism since the cofactor regulation could be employed to improve the efficiency of synthetic pathway of products and thus balance the cell growth and products synthesis, achieving the maximum metabolic flux towards the target products. Common cofactors curreetly used for metabolic regulation include NAD (P) H/NAD (P)⁺, coeezyme, ad ATP/ADP. The metabolic pathways and functional classifications of these cofactors are reviewed, and the studies on the synthesis regulation of different products in microorganisms using cofactor balancing strategies are summarized. This paper will provide references for the efficient biosynthesis of various compounds.