A novel energy management strategy for hybrid electric bus with fuel cell health and battery thermal- and health-constrained awareness

In the field of future transportation, hydrogen fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) are regarded as the most potential renewable energy vehicles, but improper use of the Lithium-ion battery (LIB) system and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell system (PEMFCS), during vehicle operation, can significantly increase the maintenance costs of the vehicle. In order to fully utilize the economic potential of FCHEVs, a novel cost-minimization energy management strategy (EMS) is proposed in this paper. Specifically, for the first time, thermal safety and degradation awareness for on-board LIB system are integrated into the optimization framework with fuel cell aging suppression to trade-off energy sources durability and hydrogen mass consumption. In addition, an enhanced online self-learning stochastic Markov predictor is proposed in the speed prediction stage to improve the prediction accuracy for future driving conditions. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparison. The results show that the proposed strategy can reduce the battery aging rate by 34.8% and the total operating cost by 12.3% compared to the overheat-protection neglecting strategy.