Advances in ion doping and intercalation strategies for the performance of manganese-based oxides in aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are promising green energy conversion systems as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their environmental friendliness, low cost, and high safety. Nevertheless, there are still many challenges in exploring suitable cathode materials for storing Zn²⁺. Therefore, the development of advanced cathode materials is a key step in the construction of future large-scale Zn²⁺ storage systems. Manganese-based oxides with multiple crystalline forms, multiple valence states, and high specific capacity are promising cathode candidates for ZIBs. In this review paper, recent advances in ionic doping and intercalation of manganese-based oxides in AZIBs are outlined, including metal cation doping/intercalation in different valence states, nonmetal cation doping/intercalation and anion doping.