Novel PVA-based polymers showing an anti-Hofmeister Series property

A series of poly(vinyl alcohol)-trimellitate (PVA-T) polymers with different esterification degrees (ED: 82, 61, and 32 mol%) were prepared through the esterification of PVA and trimellitic anhydride (TA). Solubilities of these polymers and the swelling properties of PVA-T hydrogels, which were prepared by crosslinking with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDGE), were investigated in various salt solutions comprising of SO₄ ^2-, Cl^-, SCN^- and Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cs⁺. The PVA-T polymers proved to have larger solubilities in salt solutions (1 M) than in pure water, and the ionic "salting-in" effect was significant in order of SO₄ ^2- > SCN^- > Cl^- for anions, and Li⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ > Cs⁺ for cations, regardless of their ED values. The PVA-T hydrogels also showed corresponding swelling properties; they significantly swelled in sulfate solutions of medium concentration (0.1-1 M), while in other salt solutions no appreciable swelling occurred. The marked salting-in effects exerted by sulfate anion, which is otherwise a typical "salting-out" agent, means that PVA-T polymers have an "anti-Hofmeister Series" (anti-HS) property. This is naturally ascribed to the trimellitic acid group because the degree of swelling in sulfate solutions was more significant for PVA-T with higher ED values; the combination of π-electron system and acidic protons seems to be essential to endow polymers with the anti-HS property.