Penetration of shaped charge jets with tungsten-copper and copper liners at the same explosive-to-liner mass ratio into water

Jets from shaped charges with the liners made of tungsten-copper and copper and having the same mass ratio of explosive to liner are compared. They are found to have the same tip velocities in air, before reaching a steel target. When water target layers are added in front of the same steel target, it is observed in experiments and in numerical simulations that the tip velocity of the tungsten-copper jet diminishes less rapidly than that of the copper jet, so that the tungsten-copper jet velocity upon encountering the steel is higher. These phenomena are also explained by theoretical analysis.