Deep reinforcement learning for intelligent energy management systems of hybrid-electric powertrains: Recent advances, open issues, and prospects

The hybrid-electric powertrain presents an immediate solution to energy and environmental challenges encountered within the realm of transportation. Targeting the optimization of hybrid-electric powertrains, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been intensively and increasingly investigated to develop intelligent energy management systems in the context of augmented vehicular and traffic information. After a brief introduction to the Markov Decision Process and DRL, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of the recent advancements in DRL-based energy management. The survey categorizes the progress based on the various roles that DRL plays in energy management systems, highlighting the flexibility and advantages of integrating DRL for achieving energy efficiency, safety, and reliable performance. Furthermore, the study concludes with an analysis of open issues and future prospects, including the learning and application of DRL-based energy management strategies, development of novel DRL algorithms, and integration of DRL-based energy management in intelligent and sustainable transportation contexts.