Atomistic mechanisms for catalytic transformations of NO to NH₃, N₂O, and N₂by Pd

The industrial pollutant NO is a potential threat to the environment and to human health. Thus, selective catalytic reduction of NO into harmless N2, NH3, and/or N2O gas is of great interest. Among many catalysts, metal Pd has been demonstrated to be most efficient for selectivity of reducing NO to N2. However, the reduction mechanism of NO on Pd, especially the route of N-N bond formation, remains unclear, impeding the development of new, improved catalysts. We report here the elementary reaction steps in the reaction pathway of reducing NO to NH3, N2O, and N2, based on density functional theory (DFT)-based quantum mechanics calculations. We show that the formation of N2O proceeds through an Eley-Rideal (E-R) reaction pathway that couples one adsorbed NO∗ with one non-adsorbed NO from the solvent or gas phase. This reaction requires high NO* surface coverage, leading first to the formation of the trans-(NO)2∗ intermediate with a low N-N coupling barrier (0.58 eV). Notably, trans-(NO)2∗ will continue to react with NO in the solvent to form N2O, that has not been reported. With the consumption of NO and the formation of N2O∗ in the solvent, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism will dominate at this time, and N2O∗ will be reduced by hydrogenation at a low chemical barrier (0.42 eV) to form N2. In contrast, NH3 is completely formed by the L-H reaction, which has a higher chemical barrier (0.87 eV). Our predicted E-R reaction has not previously been reported, but it explains some existing experimental observations. In addition, we examine how catalyst activity might be improved by doping a single metal atom (M) at the NO∗ adsorption site to form M/Pd and show its influence on the barrier for forming the N-N bond to provide control over the product distribution.