3D printed eutectogel dissolving microneedles patch loaded with chitosan-based nanoparticles for diabetic wound management

Dissolving microneedles (DMNs) represent promising platforms for painless transdermal drug delivery and biosensing, yet integrating multifunctionality with sustainable recyclability via photo-curable additive manufacturing strategy remains challenging. Here we report a multifunctional, pioneering 3D-printed DMNs patch combining a ternary polymerizable deep eutectic solvent (PDES) system with a recyclable eutectogel backing layer. DMNs, formulated with biocompatible choline chloride, itaconic acid, and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, enable rapid photopolymerization and excellent mechanical strength for effective skin penetration. Chitosan-based glucose-responsive nanoparticles incorporated into the DMNs facilitate controlled and responsive drug release, demonstrating in diabetic rats a rapid blood glucose reduction to 18.7 % of initial levels within 3 h post-administration, sustained for 4 h while minimizing hypoglycemic risk. The conductive, adhesive, and antibacterial eutectogel backing layer offers superior properties for wound dressing and wearable sensors, also serving as a real-time health monitor for human movements. In diabetic mouse models, the CHPG-TA@CUR-DMN@NPs system achieved 68.08 % wound closure by day 10, significantly accelerating healing with reduced inflammation and scarring. The backing layer is designed for easy dissolution and recycling after use, highlighting the eco-friendly and cost-effective nature of our all-in-one integrated multi-material DMNs platform.