Ti^x+ in-situ intercalation and interlayer modification via titanium foil/vanadium ion solution interface of VO_2.375 as sulfur-wrapped matrix enabling long-life lithium sulfur battery

Lithium sulfur battery (LSB) has great potential as a promising next-generation energy storage system owing to ultra-high theoretical specific capacity and energy density. However, the polysulfide shuttle effect and slow redox kinetics are recognized the most stumbling blocks on the way of commercializing LSB. On this account, for the first time, we use Ti^x+ in-situ intercalation strategy via titanium foil/vanadium ion (V⁵⁺) solution interface to modify the layer of vanadium oxide for long cycle LSB. The inserted Ti^x+ strengthens interlayer interaction and enhances lithium-ion mobility rate. Meanwhile, based on density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the mixed valence of V⁵⁺/V⁴⁺ in the vanadium oxide structure reduces the stress and strain of lithium-ion intercalation through the interlayer support of titanium ions (Ti^x+). Also, Ti^x+ refines the structural stability of the sulfur wrapped composite matrix so as to facilitate the LiPSs transformation, and improve the electrochemical performances. Consequently, the Ti-VO_2.375/S cathode delivers a lower capacity decay of 0.037 % per cycle over 1500 cycles with a stable coulombic efficiency around 100 %.