Spontaneous Topological Magnetic Transitions in NdCo₅ Rare-Earth Magnets

Particle-like magnetic textures with nanometric sizes, such as skyrmions, are potentially suitable for designing high-efficiency information bits in future spintronics devices. In general, the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions and dipolar interactions are the dominant factors for generating nonlinear spin configurations. However, to stabilize the topological skyrmions, an external magnetic field is usually required. In this study, the spontaneous emergence of skyrmions is directly observed, together with the unique successive topological domain evolution during the spin reorientation transition in a neodymium–cobalt (NdCo₅) rare-earth magnet. On decreasing the temperature, nanometric skyrmion lattices evolve into enclosed in-plane domains (EIPDs) similar to mini bar-magnets with size below 120 nm. The internal magnetization rotates with magnetic anisotropy, demonstrating the ability to manipulate the mini bar-magnets. The nanoscale EIPD lattices remain robust over the wide temperature range of 241–167 K, indicating the possibility of high-density in-plane magnetic information storage. The generation of spontaneous magnetic skyrmions and the successive domain transformation in the traditional NdCo₅ rare-earth magnet may prompt application exploration for topological magnetic spin textures with novel physical mechanisms in versatile magnets.