Small Extracellular Vesicles Released from Bioglass/Hydrogel Scaffold Promote Vascularized Bone Regeneration by Transferring miR-23a-3p

Background: The treatment of critical-size bone defect is a great difficulty in orthopedics. Osteogenesis and angiogenesis are critical issue during the process of bone repair and remodeling. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes have the same therapeutic effect to MSCs-based therapies. The effect of human umbilical cord MSCs-derived sEVs (hUC-MSCs-sEVs) on vascularized bone regeneration and the potential mechanism remains to be investigated. Herein, we aimed to explore the therapeutic effect and the mechanism of hUC-MSCs-sEVs on critical-size bone defect. Methods: To investigate the potential osteogenesis and angiogenesis effects of sEVs in vitro, we extracted sEVs from hUC-MSCs, and then sEVs were co-incubated with BMSCs and HUVECs. We next investigated the effect and potential mechanism of sEVs on the effects of osteogenesis and angiogenesis. We fabricated 3D-printed bioglass scaffold with Gelma/nanoclay hydrogel coatings to load sEVs (BG-gel-sEVs) to ensure in vivo sustained efficacy of sEVs. Finally, the skull defect model was used to evaluate the capacity of vascularized bone regeneration of the composited scaffolds. Results: hUC-MSCs-sEVs facilitated calcium deposition and the endothelial network formation, inducing osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis by delivering miR-23a-3p to activate PTEN/AKT signaling pathway. Additionally, the BG-gel-sEVs composited scaffold achieved vascularized bone regeneration in vivo. Conclusion: This finding illuminated that hUC-MSCs-sEVs promoted osteogenesis and angiogenesis by delivering miR-23a-3p to activate PTEN/AKT signaling pathway, achieving vascularized bone regeneration.