TY - JOUR
T1 - Neurotoxicity and underlying mechanisms of endogenous neurotoxins
AU - Cao, Yanlu
AU - Li, Bo
AU - Ismail, Nafissa
AU - Smith, Kevin
AU - Li, Tianmei
AU - Dai, Rongji
AU - Deng, Yulin
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
PY - 2021/12/1
Y1 - 2021/12/1
N2 - Endogenous and exogenous neurotoxins are important factors leading to neurodegenerative diseases. In the 1980s, the discovery that 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) contributes to Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms led to new research investigations on neurotoxins. An abnormal metabolism of endogenous substances, such as condensation of bioamines with endogenous aldehydes, dopamine (DA) oxidation, and kynurenine pathway, can produce endogenous neurotoxins. Neurotoxins may damage the nervous system by inhibiting mitochondrial activity, increasing oxidative stress, increasing neuroinflammation, and up‐regulating proteins related to cell death. This paper reviews the biological synthesis of various known endogenous neurotoxins and their toxic mechanisms.
AB - Endogenous and exogenous neurotoxins are important factors leading to neurodegenerative diseases. In the 1980s, the discovery that 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) contributes to Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms led to new research investigations on neurotoxins. An abnormal metabolism of endogenous substances, such as condensation of bioamines with endogenous aldehydes, dopamine (DA) oxidation, and kynurenine pathway, can produce endogenous neurotoxins. Neurotoxins may damage the nervous system by inhibiting mitochondrial activity, increasing oxidative stress, increasing neuroinflammation, and up‐regulating proteins related to cell death. This paper reviews the biological synthesis of various known endogenous neurotoxins and their toxic mechanisms.
KW - Endogenous neurotoxins
KW - Mechanism of action
KW - Neurodegenerative diseases
KW - Neurotoxicity
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85119898190&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/ijms222312805
DO - 10.3390/ijms222312805
M3 - Review article
C2 - 34884606
AN - SCOPUS:85119898190
SN - 1661-6596
VL - 22
JO - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
IS - 23
M1 - 12805
ER -