Learning from nature: Biomimicry in secondary batteries

The composition, structure, and functionality evolved by organisms to adapt to the continuously changing earth environment exhibit the most efficient forms of interaction for energy and matter transfer between biotic and abiotic components, as well as within organisms. Fundamentally, this process involves electron transfer between substances through oxidation–reduction reactions. Due to the efficiency, versatility, and eco-friendliness of biological processes, biomaterials and bio-inspired material structures have become key for seeking technological breakthroughs in rechargeable secondary battery materials. Simultaneously, the design of battery modules and management systems inspired by biological structures and functions has enhanced the adaptability and safety of batteries to complex conditions. This article comprehensively reviews biomimetic techniques in secondary batteries, focusing mainly on bio-inspired materials, battery functions, and management systems that play a beneficial role. It is noteworthy that mechanisms and optimization measures for improving the physicochemical properties and safety of batteries are proposed by comparing the advantages of secondary battery systems with biological systems. Finally, we summarize the forms, prospects, and challenges of biomimetic techniques in the development of secondary batteries and propose directions for the development of biomimetic techniques in secondary batteries.