Glutathione ligand self-assembly enables luminescence from Au₁₅ nanoclusters for highly sensitive and selective monitoring of blood Pb(II) ions

Lead Pb(II) ions is a cumulative toxicant that impacts several biological systems and poses severe harm to young children. Accurate Pb(II) ions monitoring is thus of paramount importance. Here, we present the synthesis and application of glutathione-capped Au₁₅ nanoclusters (Au₁₅(SG)₁₃) as a luminescence probe for the accurate and selective monitoring of blood Pb(II). The introduction of Pb(II) ions triggers orderly self-assembly of Au₁₅ nanoclusters, resulting in the formation of rigid shell around Au nuclei. This limits the localized vibration of the glutathione ligands and their interaction with water molecules, greatly reducing non-radiative energy loss, and thereby enhancing the photoluminescence signal. Consequently, Au₁₅(SG)₁₃ nanoclusters exhibit high sensitivity for Pb(II) detection. The detection signal displays a linear relationship with Pb(II) over a wide detection range (0–800 μg/L), demonstrating a substantial sensitivity of 35.29 μg/L. Moreover, the developed nanoclusters show superior selectivity for Pb(II) ions, distinguishing them from other prevalent heavy metals. This work pave the way for the development of advanced Pb(II) sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity.