Cross-Image Pixel Contrasting for Semantic Segmentation

This work studies the problem of image semantic segmentation. Current approaches focus mainly on mining &#x201C;local&#x201D; context, <italic>i.e.</italic>, dependencies between pixels within individual images, by specifically-designed, context aggregation modules (<italic>e.g.</italic>, dilated convolution, neural attention) or structure-aware optimization objectives (<italic>e.g.</italic>, IoU-like loss). However, they ignore &#x201C;global&#x201D; context of the training data, <italic>i.e.</italic>, rich semantic relations between pixels across different images. Inspired by recent advance in unsupervised contrastive representation learning, we propose a pixel-wise contrastive algorithm, dubbed as PiCo, for semantic segmentation in the fully supervised learning setting. The core idea is to enforce pixel embeddings belonging to a same semantic class to be more similar than embeddings from different classes. It raises a pixel-wise metric learning paradigm for semantic segmentation, by explicitly exploring the structures of labeled pixels, which were rarely studied before. Our training algorithm is compatible with modern segmentation solutions without extra overhead during testing. We experimentally show that, with famous segmentation models (<italic>i.e.</italic>, DeepLabV3, HRNet, OCRNet, SegFormer, Segmenter, MaskFormer) and backbones (<italic>i.e.</italic>, MobileNet, ResNet, HRNet, MiT, ViT), our algorithm brings consistent performance improvements across diverse datasets (<italic>i.e.</italic>, Cityscapes, ADE20K, PASCAL-Context, COCO-Stuff, CamVid). We expect that this work will encourage our community to rethink the current de facto training paradigm in semantic segmentation. Our code is available at <uri>https://github.com/tfzhou/ContrastiveSeg</uri>.