Bioengineered human arterial equivalent and its applications from vascular graft to in vitro disease modeling

Arterial disorders such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and aneurysm pose significant health risks, necessitating advanced interventions. Despite progress in artificial blood vessels and animal models aimed at understanding pathogenesis and developing therapies, limitations in graft functionality and species discrepancies restrict their clinical and research utility. Addressing these issues, bioengineered arterial equivalents (AEs) with enhanced vascular functions have been developed, incorporating innovative technologies that improve clinical outcomes and enhance disease progression modeling. This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in bioengineered AEs, systematically summarizing the bioengineered technologies used to construct these AEs, and discussing their implications for clinical application and pathogenesis understanding. Highlighting current breakthroughs and future perspectives, this review aims to inform and inspire ongoing research in the field, potentially transforming vascular medicine and offering new avenues for preclinical and clinical advances.