TY - JOUR
T1 - Antenna Array Calibration for IIoT Oriented Satellites
T2 - From Orthogonal CDMA to NOMA
AU - An, Jianping
AU - Wang, Ke
AU - Wang, Shuai
AU - Lin, Yujie
AU - Bu, Xiangyuan
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2002-2012 IEEE.
PY - 2020/12
Y1 - 2020/12
N2 - Modern Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is often designed to support geographically disperse nodes in large quantities. Satellites have unparalleled superiority in terms of coverage, making themselves ideal candidates as wide area IIoT access points. Antenna arrays (AAs) empower the satellites with beamforming capability, a key feature to accommodate various technical challenges of IIoT. In this survey, we are mainly focused on the calibration of spaceborne beamformers. We define the system model of the calibration tasks, and formulate the parameters of interest for the AAs and the beamforming network. Classic parallel calibration strategies for downlink AA based on orthogonal CDMA (OCDMA) are reviewed, and then extended to the on-ground, wired calibration of the BFN for improved efficiency and reduced manpower. By breaking the orthogonality among the calibrating signals, a new non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based calibration scheme is demonstrated to be M× more efficient than its OCDMA precedent without evident penalty in the calibration accuracy, where M is the number of array elements. We also report our latest progress on the NOMA-based co-channel transmission of the communication and the calibrating signals but without mutual interference. Prototypes and experimental scenarios are introduced. Theoretical analyses and computer simulations are further verified by hardware experiments.
AB - Modern Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is often designed to support geographically disperse nodes in large quantities. Satellites have unparalleled superiority in terms of coverage, making themselves ideal candidates as wide area IIoT access points. Antenna arrays (AAs) empower the satellites with beamforming capability, a key feature to accommodate various technical challenges of IIoT. In this survey, we are mainly focused on the calibration of spaceborne beamformers. We define the system model of the calibration tasks, and formulate the parameters of interest for the AAs and the beamforming network. Classic parallel calibration strategies for downlink AA based on orthogonal CDMA (OCDMA) are reviewed, and then extended to the on-ground, wired calibration of the BFN for improved efficiency and reduced manpower. By breaking the orthogonality among the calibrating signals, a new non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based calibration scheme is demonstrated to be M× more efficient than its OCDMA precedent without evident penalty in the calibration accuracy, where M is the number of array elements. We also report our latest progress on the NOMA-based co-channel transmission of the communication and the calibrating signals but without mutual interference. Prototypes and experimental scenarios are introduced. Theoretical analyses and computer simulations are further verified by hardware experiments.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85099352219&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/MWC.001.2000106
DO - 10.1109/MWC.001.2000106
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85099352219
SN - 1536-1284
VL - 27
SP - 28
EP - 36
JO - IEEE Wireless Communications
JF - IEEE Wireless Communications
IS - 6
M1 - 9316437
ER -