An integrated model of ambivalence and deterrence of bystander inaction in delegitimizing doxing

Yang Jun Li; Zhi Zhi He; Christy M.K. Cheung; Xiao Liang Shen; Matthew K.O. Lee

doi:10.1016/j.im.2025.104118

An integrated model of ambivalence and deterrence of bystander inaction in delegitimizing doxing

Yang Jun Li, Zhi Zhi He^*, Christy M.K. Cheung, Xiao Liang Shen, Matthew K.O. Lee

^*Corresponding author for this work

School of Management

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Our study seeks to explain bystander inaction by guiding the regulation of delegitimizing doxing. We develop a contextualized research model by integrating attitudinal ambivalence theory and general deterrence theory. Our results innovatively uncover three congruence effects describing how positive and negative appraisals are combined to determine bystander inaction. Moreover, perceived SNS deterrence weakens the negative impact of attitudinal univalence on bystander inaction. As one of the pioneering empirical inquiries into delegitimizing doxing, our study contributes to theory and practice related to bystander intervention in delegitimizing doxing.

Original language	English
Article number	104118
Journal	Information and Management
Volume	62
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2025.104118
Publication status	Published - Apr 2025

Keywords

Attitudinal ambivalence
Bystander effect
Cyberbullying
Doxing
General deterrence theory
Polynomial regression and response surface analysis

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10.1016/j.im.2025.104118

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Li, Y. J., He, Z. Z., Cheung, C. M. K., Shen, X. L., & Lee, M. K. O. (2025). An integrated model of ambivalence and deterrence of bystander inaction in delegitimizing doxing. Information and Management, 62(3), Article 104118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2025.104118

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AU - Shen, Xiao Liang

AU - Lee, Matthew K.O.

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AB - Our study seeks to explain bystander inaction by guiding the regulation of delegitimizing doxing. We develop a contextualized research model by integrating attitudinal ambivalence theory and general deterrence theory. Our results innovatively uncover three congruence effects describing how positive and negative appraisals are combined to determine bystander inaction. Moreover, perceived SNS deterrence weakens the negative impact of attitudinal univalence on bystander inaction. As one of the pioneering empirical inquiries into delegitimizing doxing, our study contributes to theory and practice related to bystander intervention in delegitimizing doxing.

KW - Attitudinal ambivalence

KW - Bystander effect

KW - Cyberbullying

KW - Doxing

KW - General deterrence theory

KW - Polynomial regression and response surface analysis

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An integrated model of ambivalence and deterrence of bystander inaction in delegitimizing doxing

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Keywords

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