An Improved Max-Min Game Theory Control of Fuel Cell and Battery Hybrid Energy System Against System Uncertainty

In this article, a new energy management strategy (EMS) for a smart building with fuel cell and battery hybrid energy storage (FBHES) is proposed based on an improved game theory (GT) with higher system efficiency and extending lifetime for both battery and fuel cell (FC). The building working as a smart energy hub is regarded as one of the key factors for energy-saving and long-term emissions reduction. EMS that determines the optimal power flow for each energy sector is of great importance for smart buildings subject to the increasing renewable generations, various energy storage, and flexible loads. The energy storage system plays a key role to unlock the management regions and control constraints of the EMS; however, the lifetime of the energy storage device is generally less than expected because of the power uncertainty brought by new energy sectors. Therefore, in this article, the FBHES and the uncertainty of the demand power are considered as two aspects in the game, aiming at decoupling the randomness of electricity demand and hybrid energy storage performance. The EMS is developed with an improved max-min GT, where the compensation effect of the battery is developed to keep power balance in the smart building system. Simulation results show that the degradation of the FC obtained by the proposed method, the improved GT, which is 12.64% lower than the traditional GT. Meanwhile, the lifetime of the battery under the proposed method is increased by 23.16% and 82.81% compared with mixed-integer linear programming EMS and rule-based strategy.