玄武岩纤维复合材料静, 动态力学性能和抗弹性能研究进展

Basalt fiber composites with excellent mechanical properties, good environmental adaptability and competitive price can be prepared by using basalt fiber as reinforcement and resin matrix. It has the potential to replace the existing glass fiber composites in the fields of high and new technology, such as vehicles, ships, and aerospace. In the past 20 years, the mechanical properties of basalt fiber composites have attracted much attention. Among the basalt fiber reinforced resin matrix composites, the mechanical properties of epoxy resin matrix composites are more outstanding, and the related research has attracted the most attention. In the study of quasi-static mechanical properties, compared with glass fiber compo-sites, basalt fiber composites are better in tensile properties, compression properties, bending properties, low-speed impact resistance, fatigue properties, wear resistance and other aspects, and they also show stronger performance improvement when mixed with carbon fiber composites. Moreover, the mechanical properties of basalt fiber composites can be further improved by fiber chemical modification and matrix nano particle modification. The research on dynamic mechanical properties of basalt fiber composites in China mainly focuses on the composite materials composed of cement, asphalt, concrete and basalt fiber, and less attention is paid to high-performance resin-based composites. The dynamic tensile properties were studied thoroughly by foreign researchers. It is found that the dynamic tensile modulus, strength and strain of basalt fiber composites all increase with the increase of strain rate, and the increase range is 20%-60%; compared with glass fiber composites, basalt fiber composites exhibit higher elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength and ultimate tensile strain under dynamic tensile conditions. However, at the present stage, researches on dynamic tensile properties of basalt fiber composites mainly focus on the lower range of about 100/s, and researches on dynamic compression properties are also extremely lacking, which makes it difficult to support the application of basalt fiber composites in service environments involving high-speed impact. The ballistic performance of basalt fiber composites is roughly equivalent to that of S-glass fiber composites. Because of the comprehensive environmental adaptability of basalt fiber composites, it can strengthen the inherent shortcomings of other fibers when it is mixed with other fibers to form composites. The variation of the elastic resistance of basalt fiber composites is affected by the matrix and fiber, and is reflected in the diffe-rent failure mechanisms. However, it is difficult to capture the microstructural change of the material itself in the process of high speed dynamic impact, and the failure mechanism can only be inferred from the fracture morphology. Therefore, in the research of ballistic resistance, the analy-tical study of impact deformation process and failure mechanism of basalt fiber composites by simulation technology is in urgent need of attention. The research progress of mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced resin matrix composites is summarized, and the research status of quasi-static, dynamic mechanical properties and ballistic properties are introduced respectively. The shortcomings in the research of mechanical properties of basalt fiber composites are analyzed and some suggestions are put forward. This review is expected to provide reference for the research and development of high performance and green basalt fiber composites.