The Prospects of Carbon Capture and Storage in China's Power Sector under the 2 °C Target: A Component-based Learning Curve Approach

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is indispensable in achieving the well below 2 °C warming target, especially for China with coal-dominated energy structures. However, high investment makes the development of CCS far from the global warming target. Concerns about the high cost have led to a spread of pessimistic attitude towards the future of CCS to some extent. Therefore, this study provides the first instance to determine the unit CO₂ avoided cost learning curves of various CCS pathways for China's thermal power generation based on a component-based approach, and establishes a non-linear technology optimization model with endogenous technological progress. Model developed by this study aims to explore the economically optimal CCS deployment strategy for achieving the necessary emission reductions in line with 2 °C target in China and the amount of investment required. Results show that the nominal learning rates of CO₂ avoided costs are in the range of 0.018 to 0.151 for four CCS pathways. The strategic priority should be given to the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) pathway and the supercritical pulverized coal (SPC) pathway, considering that they have greater cost reduction potential than that of oxy-combustion and gas-fired pathway. To achieve the 2 °C target, the total abatement cost will be at least 330 billion US dollars with a CCS capacity of 499 GW for power sector by 2050. The preferred time of large-scale deployment of CCS in China's power sector is around 2030. Postponing CCS commercialization will surge the abatement cost to $626 billion by 2050. In addition, this study provides the long term break-even CO₂ prices for implementing CCS, ranging from approximately $46/ton CO₂ to $62/ton CO₂, which is informative for the future subsidy setting and carbon trading market.