Electrodeposition of rare refractory metals in low-temperature ionic liquids

Rare refractory metals (RRMs) play a significant role in fundamental industries, including electronics, chemical industry, machinery, etc., and future advanced fields, such as aerospace and superconductivity. However, the traditional production processes of RRMs based on high-temperature thermal reduction cannot meet the requirements of low-energy consumption. This dilemma could be addressed efficiently by using a low-temperature electrodeposition strategy in ionic liquids (ILs). This review summarizes a panoramic view of the latest developments on the electrodeposition of RRMs in ILs after a brief review on the current industrial production methods of RRMs. Based on this, the electrochemical mechanism occurring at the cathode during the electrodeposition process of RRMs in different electrolytes and under different conditions is thoroughly discussed, because it is crucial for the successful production of pure RRMs. In addition, this review not only analyses the main challenges that hinder the industrial application of the electrodeposition of RRMs in ILs, but also proposes corresponding solutions. We hope this review can provide a valuable guidance for the fundamental research and industrial development of low-temperature electrodeposition of RRMs. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.).