Detecting undesired lithium plating on anodes for lithium-ion batteries – A review on the in-situ methods

Lithium plating on anodes, which can happen during fast charging and low-temperature charging, and/or after long-term cycling, plays a crucial role in the aging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and leads to irreversible capacity fade and severe safety hazards. This study systematically reviews the recent progress in developing methods for in-situ detecting lithium plating in order to provide guidelines regarding selecting proper methods for on-board applications. In general, lithium plating can be divided into three stages according to the damage level. There are two categories of methods, electrochemical methods and physical methods, which can be used to detect lithium plating. Their principles, features, and limitations have been thoroughly analyzed. Trends for the prospective development of novel technologies are also discussed.