Study on the temperature field distribution and tribological properties under the condition of radial gradient distribution of Cu@C particles

This study designed gradient friction materials. Through numerical simulations and friction wear experiments integrated with an external temperature acquisition system, the influence of the radial gradient distribution of Cu@C particle concentration on the temperature field was analyzed. The results indicate that the numerical simulations are consistent with the experimental data, demonstrating that gradient materials exhibit significant advantages in reducing radial temperature inhomogeneity, and maintain more stable friction torque at different speeds and pressures. The gradient structure features varying concentrations of Cu@C particles, that exhibit distinct mechanical properties along the radial direction. Spatial heterogeneity exists in different concentration regions enables the material adapting to the contact surface irregularities. This structure enhances surface adaptation, heat distribution and pressure relief.