Structural engineering of carbon-based nanofibers via electrospinning for enhanced electromagnetic functionality

Carbon-based nanofibers (CNFs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their high electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, superior mechanical strength, and excellent thermal stability, making them promising for applications in energy storage, sensing, catalysis, and environmental remediation. Electrospinning, one of the most effective techniques for CNF fabrication, enables the continuous production of high-performance carbon nanofibers with operational simplicity and excellent controllability. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in electrospinning-derived CNFs. First, the fundamentals of electrospinning and the structural characteristics of CNFs are introduced. The microwave absorption mechanisms of CNFs are then comprehensively discussed. Subsequently, the structural design strategies of electrospun CNF microwave absorbers and the corresponding performance enhancement mechanisms are systematically reviewed. Finally, future research directions are highlighted, focusing on multispectral response, advanced structural design, scalable electrospinning technologies, and integrated device design. This review provides theoretical guidance and technical insights for the fabrication of high-performance electrospun CNFs and offers perspectives for the design and practical application of CNF electromagnetic functional materials.