TY - JOUR
T1 - Signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution characteristics of underwater time-gated SPAD array imaging systems
AU - Wu, Guanlin
AU - Zhu, Shihao
AU - Qiu, Su
AU - Yu, Xiangzhi
AU - Wang, Xia
AU - Jin, Weiqi
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2026 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2026/11
Y1 - 2026/11
N2 - This study establishes comprehensive system signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution models for underwater time-gated (TG) imaging systems using single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays. Effects of water attenuation, target distance, and system parameters on detection range and spatial resolution are investigated, and corresponding optimization strategies are proposed. A complete underwater time-gated SPAD (TG-SPAD) array imaging system is constructed using a SPAD512S detector and experimentally validated, and a signal-to-noise ratio threshold of 2.5 is proposed for system performance evaluation. Results confirm high precision, with an average relative error of 2.90% between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements. This study offers theoretical guidance and technical support for the optimal design, evaluation, and applications of underwater TG-SPAD array imaging systems.
AB - This study establishes comprehensive system signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution models for underwater time-gated (TG) imaging systems using single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays. Effects of water attenuation, target distance, and system parameters on detection range and spatial resolution are investigated, and corresponding optimization strategies are proposed. A complete underwater time-gated SPAD (TG-SPAD) array imaging system is constructed using a SPAD512S detector and experimentally validated, and a signal-to-noise ratio threshold of 2.5 is proposed for system performance evaluation. Results confirm high precision, with an average relative error of 2.90% between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements. This study offers theoretical guidance and technical support for the optimal design, evaluation, and applications of underwater TG-SPAD array imaging systems.
KW - Detection range
KW - Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
KW - Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)
KW - Spatial resolution
KW - Underwater time-gated (TG) imaging
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105038415757
U2 - 10.1016/j.optlastec.2026.115481
DO - 10.1016/j.optlastec.2026.115481
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:105038415757
SN - 0030-3992
VL - 203
JO - Optics and Laser Technology
JF - Optics and Laser Technology
M1 - 115481
ER -