Progress in the detection and analysis of unknown or fuzzy biological analytes

Advances in life sciences, clinical diagnostics, food safety, and environmental monitoring have intensified the need for rapid identification and characterization of poorly defined or unknown biological analytes before comprehensive data becomes available. For instance, the rapid identification of unknown or partially characterized pathogens is essential for effective epidemic control. However, the inherent complexity of biological samples presents significant analytical challenges. This review will explore the current methodologies and strategies that have been employed to detect and characterize these biological items, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Furthermore, potential future directions will be discussed to advance this critical field.