Predicting Scale Thickness in Oil Pipelines Using Frequency Characteristics and an Artificial Neural Network in a Stratified Flow Regime

One of the main problems in oil fields is the deposition of scale inside oil pipelines, which causes problems such as the reduction of the internal diameter of oil pipes, the need for more energy to transport oil products, and the waste of energy. For this purpose, the use of an accurate and reliable system for determining the amount of scale inside the pipes has always been one of the needs of the oil industry. In this research, a non-invasive, accurate, and reliable system is presented, which works based on the attenuation of gamma rays. A dual-energy gamma source (²⁴¹Am and ¹³³Ba radioisotopes), a sodium iodide detector, and a steel pipe are used in the structure of the detection system. The configuration of the detection structure is such that the dual-energy source and the detector are directly opposite each other and on both sides of the steel pipe. In the steel pipe, a stratified flow regime consisting of gas, water, and oil in different volume percentages was simulated using Monte Carlo N Particle (MCNP) code. Seven scale thicknesses between 0 and 3 cm were simulated inside the tube. After the end of the simulation process, the received signals were labeled and transferred to the frequency domain usage of fast Fourier transform (FFT). Frequency domain signals were processed, and four frequency characteristics were extracted from them. The multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network was used to obtain the relationship between the extracted frequency characteristics and the scale thickness. Frequency characteristics were defined as inputs and scale thickness in cm as the output of the neural network. The prediction of scale thickness with an RMSE of 0.13 and the use of only one detector in the structure of the detection system are among the advantages of this research.