Oblique penetration of tungsten spheres against steel targets based on compressible and incompressible cavity expansion theory

In penetration problems, empirical formulas from different sources may easily lead to calculation conflicts. In the present work, based on the spherical cavity expansion theory of compressible and incompressible models, the resistance decay model and the kinematics analysis of projectiles, a 3-Danalytical model for the oblique penetration of tungsten spheres against low-carbon steel targets was built. The modeling method was described in detail. Subsequently, calculation results were compared with experimental data of tungsten spheres penetrating 100 mm thick Q235 steel targets and 8 mm thick Q345 steel targets to check computational performance of the established model. It is proved that resistance models can be used to calculate penetration problems after considering the resistance correction coefficient. The 3-D model is suitable for penetration problems of plastic cratering of targets.