Non-invasive wearable electrochemical biosensors for personalized applications in health management

Non-invasive wearable electrochemical biosensors have evolved as transformative tools for customized health management, allowing real-time monitoring of physiological and biochemical markers through readily accessible body fluids such as sweat, tears, and interstitial fluid. Compared to conventional diagnostic techniques, these sensors provide a non-invasive, continuous, and user-friendly alternative for tracking health status and disease progression. Advancements in flexible materials, microfluidics, and nanotechnology have improved sensor sensitivity, adaptability, and miniaturization for extended skin contact. Integration with cellphones, cloud computing platforms, and IoT networks enables seamless data transmission and remote monitoring. Additionally, the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) enables dynamic data processing, early risk prediction, and tailored intervention. This review underscores the principles of power management solutions, strategies for multiplexed detection, design of electrochemical biosensors, and AI-driven data processing. Applications tracking athletic performance, chronic disease monitoring, mental health assessment, and precision medicine are covered, along with contemporary challenges such as individual variability, environmental interference, and data security. The ongoing convergence of analytics, wireless, and sensing technology is expected to hasten the adoption of smart biosensing systems in precision and preventative healthcare.