Multi-parameter and multi-objective optimization of dual-fuel cell system heavy-duty vehicles: Sizing for serial development

Dual-fuel cell hybrid system provides an attractive propulsion option in transportation, especially for heavy-duty vehicles. However, the larger vehicle weight improves the sensitivity of power demand to road conditions and vehicle handling, making it a challenge to realize reasonable sizing. The scope of this work is to demonstrate a multi-objective and multi-parameter optimization for the serial development of the heavy-duty vehicle, powered by a dual-fuel cell hybrid system. Toward this end, a comprehensive modeling is presented combining the degradation model of the FC system and the battery system. The Pareto theory is introduced to evaluate the three-dimensional objectives involving the equivalent hydrogen consumption, the mass goal, and the vehicle dynamic, which is derived from different six-dimensional parameters under a dual-layer optimization approach. The brute force approach is not applicable in the presence of the curse of dimensionality arising from multi-parameter optimization. The proposed methodology offers a viable approach to acquiring rational sets of sizing solutions in the optimization space with high-dimensional parameters. Considering the serialization of products, the improved solution and the corresponding performance upper limit have be determined according to the proposed methodology under different weight levels as well.