More resilient transit-oriented development (TOD): investigating the spatial association between TOD and travel-related well-being

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is regarded as an effective approach for addressing urban sprawl and enhancing urban resilience particularly by supporting the revitalisation of fragile urban areas. From a perceived geographical perspective, this study examines the determinants of travel-related well-being (TRW) and their spatial effects to inform improvements in TOD resilience. Using 1,298 household surveys in Hangzhou, this study applies binary logistic regression, geographically weighted logistic regression, and linear mixed-effects models to examine spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics. The results indicate that gender, marital status, housing tenure, vehicle ownership, metro accessibility to workplaces, the quality of the cycling environment, and station accessibility significantly influence TRW, and that these relationships vary across space. The opening of metro stations is associated with improvements in residents’ perceived travel-related resilience. By linking TOD resilience with perceived TRW, this study provides spatially and temporally nuanced evidence to inform resilient TOD planning in socio-spatially fragile urban areas.