Metal halide perovskite solar cells by modified chemical vapor deposition

Metal halide perovskite solar cells are an emerging photovoltaic technology already exhibiting great potential. The main challenges at present that hinder the application of perovskite solar cells include scalable fabrication, operational stability, and environmental impact of Pb in Pb-containing perovskite solar cells. Among various scalable coating techniques, modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a promising technology to enable large-area and uniform coating of perovskite layers at a low cost. Modified CVD also offers many other advantages such as being solvent-free, high compatibility with industrial manufacturing, and easy integration with other solar technologies to form tandem cells (or perovskite-perovskite tandem cells). In this review, we present the recent development of perovskite solar cells and modules prepared by modified CVD. We first discuss the differences between modified CVD and solution coating processing. We then summarize the present results from the cost-performance analysis point of view to show the potential of modified CVD for scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells and modules with low cost. At the end of this review, we outline several future research directions.