Integration of Satellite and Vehicular Networks: Evolution, Technologies and Challenges

Satellite communications are emerging as a critical enabler for next-generation wireless systems, alongside the rapid advancement of intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs). However, the rigorous latency and reliability demands of autonomous driving often exceed traditional satellite capabilities, as these two domains have largely evolved independently. To address this gap, this paper examines the convergence of satellite and vehicular networks from an application-oriented perspective. First, we chart the architectural evolution of satellite-based vehicular networks from 4G independence to 6G native integration. Adopting a bottom-up logical structure, we then systematically analyze the core enabling technologies: we begin by exploring connectivity optimization strategies for high-dynamic links to ensure seamless access; we then advance to end-edge-cloud collaborative computing frameworks designed to overcome onboard hardware constraints; and finally, we detail resilient security provisioning mechanisms that safeguard the decentralized data ecosystem. By synthesizing these technologies and highlighting unresolved challenges - such as dual-dynamic channel modeling and cross-layer resource orchestration - this survey offers a comprehensive, strategic blueprint for the future of intelligent space-terrestrial mobility.