Impact effects on concrete

Impact effects on concrete include both global and local effects. Global effects dominate structural deformation in a relatively flexural structure while local effects become important in relatively stiff structures. This chapter will first introduce various impact effects on concrete structures and distinguish global and local impact effects. For a concrete structural target, the local impact effects include spalling, scabbing, cracking, penetration and perforation. These effects may interact with each other, and sometimes, may be affected by the global structural response. The basic concepts of local impact effects will be introduced before engineering empirical formulae are presented. Analytical models can support these empirical formulae and extend their valid application ranges. This chapter gives a comprehensive description of the method for the estimation of the impact effects on concrete structure by a hard projectile. It also describes the impact effects on concrete structure by aircraft, which is a typical soft projectile.