Energy management for CPS

The previous three chapters address different aspects of the architectures of CPS. However, there are various technical challenges in sensor energy and data quality management of CPS. A major one that drives our work involves the large-scale management of heterogeneous devices that are expected to populate CPS systems. A great many sensor types, manufacturers, protocols, etc., are expected to co-exist and hence, any solution must be designed to operate as expected regardless of the device configuration. Regarding energy management, this motivates the need for a universal management approach that attempts to control MAC (medium access control) level energy consumption of nodes, as motivated by previous research [153]. Furthermore, an efficient management scheme should minimize the transmission of control messages crossing different domains, and thus we are seeking a long-term optimal solution. In regard to data quality management, a universal measure of expression can be found in recent work in quality-of-information (QoI) management. Broadly speaking, QoI relates to the ability to judge whether information is fit-for-use for a particular purpose [154, 155, 156]. For the purposes of this chapter, we will assume that QoI is characterized by a number of attributes including accuracy, latency, and physical context (specifically, sensor coverage in this chapter [154]).