Dynamic Degradation-Aware Collaborative Control and Health Management of Zero-Carbon Ship Hybrid Energy Systems

Shipping contributes nearly 3% of global CO₂ emissions, emphasizing the need for zero-carbon propulsion solutions. This study develops a multiobjective energy management system (EMS) for hybrid ship power systems integrating a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), lithium-ion battery (LiB), and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). The EMS enhances model predictive control (MPC) with a temporal convolutional network for long-term load forecasting and employs HDBSCAN-based clustering for adaptive PEMFC degradation modeling. The proposed framework jointly optimizes hydrogen consumption, component degradation, SMES AC losses, and power balance. Validation on the Three Gorges Hydrogen Boat No. 1 demonstrates that the strategy effectively mitigates PEMFC and LiB degradation, stabilizes LiB state of charge, and reduces total operating cost by 24.9% compared with the baseline. The results confirm that the proposed EMS achieves a balanced improvement in performance, durability, and economy, providing an effective pathway toward zero-carbon marine propulsion.