Comparisons on Ξ-, Λ- And V-Type Atomic Receivers in Wireless Communication and Sensing

Atomic receiver based on the Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) demonstrates its potential in high sensitivity, miniaturization and wide frequency range wireless communication and sensing. Existing experiments have confirmed that EIT can be realized in Ladder(Ξ)-, Lambda(Λ)- and Vee(V)-type, each corresponding to distinct atomic excitation pathways. However, existing research on atomic receiver mainly focuses on the Ξ-type, overlooking the other two types. In this paper, we analyze the four-level configuration of Λ- and V-type atomic receivers under signal field for the first time. In particular, by using the rotating-wave transformation, we extend the three-level Hamiltonian to four-level system under the influence of the external signal field, and analyze how this interaction alters the EIT spectrum. Then, based on the master equation, we analyze and compare the performance of three systems for wireless communication and sensing. Under typical settings in currently reported experiments, result shows that Ξ-type system performs better in sensitivity and available frequency, while V-type system performs better in instantaneous bandwidth and Λ-type exhibits an exceptionally stable EIT window in complex electromagnetic environments.