Analysis of LoRa for Electronic Shelf Labels Based on Distributed Machine Learning

Deforestation is the primary source of global warming; traditional shelf labels use paper to display the price of the products, and human forces play a pivotal role in updating the tags where the pandemic has strictly limited its power. Various technologies provide connectivity and a fast-updating system to eliminate the paper-based approach. LoRa is one of the contenders to design the system for electronic shelf labels (ESLs). In this paper, LoRa has been used to minify data losses and guarantee the successful decoding of the carrier signals. The data parallelism at the network server (NS) is used to distribute the data packets among the gateways (GWs) for concurrent transmissions to the end devices (EDs). The EDs are placed in different ranges using machine clustering to avoid intra-SF interference and collision. The data rate (DR) and spreading factors (SFs) have been proposed to improve the performance of pure and slotted ALOHA for the properly allocated tags. The orthogonality principles follow industrial, scientific, and medical regulations (ISM) to avoid data traffic congestion. GWs under different duty cycles (DC) and bandwidth (BW) are examined to minify the network saturation and reduce the energy harvesting of the tags.