A review of siting, sizing, optimal scheduling, and cost-benefit analysis for battery swapping stations

Battery swapping becomes popular because it can reduce energy refueling duration, regulate grid load, and extend battery life. Although substantial efforts have directed to the construction and operation of battery swapping stations (BSSs), there is still lack of a systematic and complete review on the topic. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive literature review on the siting and sizing and operation mechanisms of the BSS. The optimization objectives, constraints and algorithms are sorted and surveyed with their merits and drawbacks expounded in details. The synergistic optimization of siting and sizing and the collaborative scheduling with microgrids and routing of EVs are also highlighted and discussed in details. Moreover, the major challenges and future research directions for BSSs are also pointed out.