A Comprehensive Review of the Research Progress on the Low-Temperature Performance of LiFePO₄ Batteries

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) serves as a commonly used cathode material in lithium-ion batteries and is an essential power source for consumer electronics and electric vehicles. Nevertheless, significant degradation in its electrochemical performance occurs at low temperatures, leading to energy and power losses, challenges in charging, a reduced lifespan, and heightened safety concerns—critical factors for LiFePO₄ applications. This review outlines recent progress aimed at enhancing the low-temperature performance of LiFePO₄ batteries, concentrating on the mechanisms involved in various modification strategies. The primary factors contributing to the reduced performance of LiFePO₄ at subzero temperatures are first examined. A variety of strategies designed to improve the interfacial and internal electrochemical reaction kinetics of LiFePO₄ cathodes under cold conditions are emphasized, and feasible approaches to improve low-temperature kinetics are also presented. These include optimizing cell design to enhance inherent reactivity and employing heating techniques to raise external reaction temperatures. In conclusion, this review discusses the challenges and limitations associated with LiFePO₄ batteries in low-temperature settings and examines advancements in low-temperature lithium-ion batteries from the cell to the system level. The insights provided are intended to motivate further developments in lithium-ion batteries and other technologies tailored for subzero applications.