A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Influence of Major Hysteresis on State of Charge Prediction of LiNiMnCoO₂ Battery

Accurate open-circuit voltage (OCV) is crucial for state of charge (SoC) estimation of lithium-ion batteries and, hence has become a key factor to ensure the safety and reliability of electric vehicles (EVs). In engineering, the incremental OCV (IO) testing has been widely used for OCV calibrating. Based on this, the OCV is commonly simplified by averaging the discharging and the charging OCVs, which essentially ignores the influence of the major hysteresis (MH). By a series of experiments on the LiNiMnCoO₂ battery, this work first systematically investigated the influence of the MH on SoC estimation via diverse current profiles tested at various ambient temperatures. Besides, the recursive least square (RLS) and the particle filter (PF) algorithms were introduced to estimate the battery parameters and the SoC, respectively. The results report that, compared with the traditional simplified method, the discharging direction and the charging direction of the MH can enhance the estimation accuracy of the discharging process and the charging process of the battery at all the operating conditions above, respectively. By the MH-based estimation method, the maximum mean absolute estimation error can be reduced by about 70%.