2D and 3D graphene materials: Preparation and bioelectrochemical applications

The attractive properties of graphene materials have stimulated intense research and development in the field of bioelectrochemistry. In particular, the construction of 2D and 3D graphene architectures provides new possibilities for developing flexible and porous carbon scaffolds, which not only inherit some of the key properties of individual graphene sheets, but also develop additional functions that are of considerable interest for bioelectrochemical applications. In this review article, we will first summarize the recently developed approaches to preparing graphene sheets, and then focus on the methods to assemble them into macroscopic 2D and 3D structures. Furthermore, we will highlight the potential applications of these materials in electrochemical biosensors and biological fuel cells.