电解液改善锂离子电池低温析锂研究进展

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are strongly considered the "heart" of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, playing a vital role in advancing the de-fossil fuels for our sustainable world. However, during charging in low-temperature conditions (0℃ and below), the electrode polarization of LIBs increases, leading to significant Li plating. To address this issue, it is imperative to strategically design low-temperature electrolytes, that can reduce electrode polarization during low-temperature charging and establish a stable electrolyte-electrode interface. By doing so, it becomes feasible to effectively mitigate Li plating and its detrimental impacts on LIBs. In this review, we firstly introduce the formation mechanism of low-temperature lithium plating and emphasize that the implementation of low-temperature electrolyte to mitigating the low-temperature Li plating in working LIBs. Subsequently, we summarize various electrolyte design strategies aimed at mitigating the challenges posed by low-temperature Li plating. The strategies include weakly solvating electrolytes and solvent co-intercalation electrolytes to lower the desolvation energy barrier, localized high-concentration electrolytes for low-impedance SEI formation, and ester-based high-concentration electrolytes for passivating plated Li. Furthermore, we analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies. Lastly, drawing on existing research findings, we outline the future directions concerning the regulation of low-temperature Li plating behavior through electrolyte solutions. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of developing real-time early-warning methods for Li plating, evaluating the effectiveness of electrolytes in inhibiting low-temperature Li plating under practical conditions, and designing of low-temperature electrolytes tailored for silicon-carbon composite anodes that consider both electrochemical kinetics and interfacial stability. These approaches aim to simultaneously achieve high capacity and long lifespan of low-temperature LIBs.