Validation of the Chinese version of the submissive behavior scale in adolescents

This study assesses the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Submissive Behavior Scale (SBS) and examines its measurement invariance across gender and educational stage among 2,224 Chinese adolescents from grades 4 to 8. Item analysis indicated that all items on the SBS demonstrated good content and discriminant validity. Exploratory factor analysis identified three dimensions: resignation, inhibition–withdrawal, and ingratiation. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure, showing good model fit (χ²/df= 2.987, CFI =.946, TLI =.936, RMSEA =.041, SRMR =.038), and confirmed measurement invariance across gender and educational stage. The total SBS score and the scores of its subscales were significantly positively correlated with the criterion variables–depression, anxiety, and school bullying victimization. Reliability analysis showed a Cronbach’s alpha of.857 for the total scale, with a split-half reliability of.852. Group differences in submissive behavior were examined using independent t-tests and ANOVA. While statistically significant differences emerged across gender, educational stage, and socioeconomic status, the observed effects were negligible in magnitude (most Cohen’s d were below.20). In conclusion, the Chinese version of the SBS demonstrates good validity, reliability, and measurement invariance across gender and educational stage, making it an effective tool for assessing submissive behavior in Chinese adolescents.