Unlocking dendrite growth in metal batteries

Metal batteries (such as zinc and lithium) are considered promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems because of their high energy density and exceptional electrochemical performance. However, uncontrolled dendrite growth significantly influences their safety and long-term stability, posing a major obstacle to large-scale application. Suppressing dendrite growth has thus become a focal point in battery research. Various strategies, including additive introduction, electrode optimization, and electrolyte modification, have been extensively explored to enhance battery performance. More importantly, the mechanisms of dendrite growth and corresponding suppression strategies vary significantly among different electrolyte systems. In this review, we systematically investigate the mechanisms of dendrite growth and the associated suppression strategies in liquid, quasi-solid, and all-solid-state electrolytes, with a particular focus on the evolution and improvement of the solid electrolyte interface as systems transition from liquid to all-solid-state configurations. Furthermore, we propose a framework that integrates external field coupling with internal reinforcement to synergistically suppress dendrite growth, highlighting the critical role of machine learning in material screening. This comprehensive overview provides valuable insights and guidance for advancing dendrite suppression in metal batteries.