Understanding Electric Vehicle Refueling Demand and Parking Patterns in Forecasting, Planning, and Scheduling: A Literature Review

Vehicle electrification presents challenges and opportunities across multiple sectors, including the automotive, energy and infrastructure domains. Battery charging and swapping are the two primary technologies for refuelling electric vehicles (EVs). However, the involvement of multiple participants and various factors makes EV refuelling a complex and multi-domain issue. Since conventional conductive charging requires vehicles to remain stationary for a period of time, parking naturally provides opportunities for EV charging. Therefore, parking and EV charging are intrinsically connected in how they are organised and planned. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on the features of EV refuelling demand and its relation to parking patterns. The review focuses on key study issues related to the interaction between EVs and the power grid, namely forecasting, planning, and scheduling. These issues are examined at three different scales: the individual, station, and regional levels. Based on the findings from the literature, an integrated framework is provided to capture the features and linkages between refuelling demand and parking patterns across the different study issues and scales. Finally, the paper proposes several open issues that could be explored in future studies from the perspective of integrating parking and refuelling analysis.