Ultra-High-Density Single-Atom Catalysts on Oxides via Metal-Support Interactions

Metal-support interaction (MSI) effects offer a powerful strategy for achieving ultra-high-density single-atom catalysts (UHD-SACs) on oxides. This review explores the synthesis strategies for UHD-SACs on oxide supports and systematically summarizes the MSI effects between single atoms and oxide supports, including the electronic, geometric, and surface property effects. Recommendations for constructing MSI effects are provided, along with an analysis of their impact on catalytic performance. Additionally, this paper reviews common characterization techniques for MSI effects and, based on an understanding of the relationship between MSI and single-atom anchoring, proposes several design directions for developing UHD-SACs.