Towards industry 5.0: A framework of reconfigurable matrix-structured manufacturing system

Current manufacturing faces increasingly volatile supply chains and diverse customer demands, requiring a balance between flexibility and efficiency. The matrix-structured manufacturing system (MMS) is a promising solution to frequent disruptions, yet existing research lacks a comprehensive framework for real-world implementation. This study proposes a reconfigurable matrix-structured manufacturing system (RMMS) that integrates advanced Industry 4.0 (I4.0) digital tools with Industry 5.0 (I5.0) visions of resilience and human–centricity. By introducing a “configuration” concept, RMMS organizes logical production lines to address the randomness and uncertainty of workflow typically seen in classic MMS, enabling efficient multi-variety, variable-batch production. Building on this foundation, we present the conceptual and systematic architecture of RMMS. Besides, a feasible technology roadmap is given, including order feature analysis, cell formation method and multidimensional reconfiguration mechanism. To validate our approach, we demonstrate the simulation comparisons and software implementation of RMMS through a case study in a high-precision electronics technology company, which shows improved resilience and rapid changeovers. Overall, the results indicate that RMMS provides a practical blueprint for human-centric, resilient manufacturing in dynamic market conditions, effectively bridging the gaps in current MMS implementations and advancing the evolving I5.0 landscape.