Three-Dimensional Printing of High-Performance Moisture Power Generators

Water-enabled electricity generation technologies that are highly accessible and fundamentally clean are promising for next-generation green energy. However, the challenge of scalability in both material processing and device fabrication greatly limits their practical applications. A high-performance polyelectrolyte moist-electric generator (MEG), which can be directly 3D printed for massive production and efficient integration, is reported. The printed MEG (p-MEG) generates a high open-circuit voltage of 0.8 V and a short-circuit-current density of 0.12 mA cm⁻² by actively harvesting moisture from humid conditions. The synergistic effects of moisture gradient, ionic concentration gradient, and ion diffusion gradient, which remarkably enhance the driving force to separate ion pairs and notably facilitate the directional ion transport, are responsible for the high power generation performance of p-MEG, as further backed up by in situ ion dynamics investigations and molecular simulations. When connected in serial and parallel, hundreds of p-MEGs can deliver a high voltage of more than 180 V and a current of more than 1 mA. A constructed “moisture-powered cup lamp” that lights up for hours further demonstrates the practicability of p-MEG. This work provides a feasible and scalable 3D printing approach for the next-generation environment-adaptive self-powered system.